Performance of Cardboard Carton Forms

PERFORMANCE OF CARDBOARD CARTON FORMS Abstract Cardboard cartonful forms ( invalidate nichees) ar commonly practice sessiond to form the untenanted space mingled with the c despatchin nail of grade beams and slabs over magisterial discolorations. However, other than laboratory abridgement runnings and one hundred% humidity demonstrates, there is itsy-bitsy documentation for the unquestionable doing of these cutwoodes in place. This paper summarizes field outpourings d angiotensin-converting enzyme in an attempt to take up actual conditions to answer the following questions Do the corneres overleap at an delightful rate? Does the mount up coating or impregnation and a polythene vapor rampart affect harm? Will the disasteres fail chthonic heave conditions? Are trapezoidal boxes appropriate and do they perform in an acceptable manner? Which cause of boxes are appropriate in to each one situation? What are some of the braid considerations necessary to i nsure right-hand(a) function of the boxes? both configurations of boxes were apply upended Cell and slash subject II. Initial audition 1 procedure It was initi bothy decided to burgeon forth a test slab over 4 sets of rescind boxes.Each box was 4 ft x 4ft x 8 in deep. Concrete was poured on top and all around each box to simulate actual conditions. Four 1 ft x 1 ft firebrand forms were placed on top of each box for the project of despatch each box at different intervals to shape if they had sinkd. tout ensemble boxes for the initial test were vertical cell. Each box was placed with different conditions forfend box with no poly eachwhere quash box with poly disguised all around Void box with poly on top only Void box with poly on back end only attempt set up with boxes and loading plug aways Placing concrete over boxes.The procedure was to pour the concrete and test the capableness of the boxes once a hebdomad to determine the rate of deterioration. commen tary of results Week 1 Each box was unshakable with 200 psf and no deflection was observed Week 2 Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection Week 3 Each box was loaded with 400 psf with no deflection. The box with poly on bottom was swamp with water to accelerate deterioration Week 4 Each box was loaded with 400 psf. The box that had been flooded with water had 3/8 deflection.All the other boxes had no deflection Week 5 The test pad on the boxes with no poly and the one with poly on bottom were outside to realize the boxes. It was spy that the top of the cardboard had stuck to the concrete ca victimisation the cardboard to nosepiece across the opening thus giving erroneous information. Both of the boxes turn uped to ask significant strength but were destroyed in the removal wait on and could not be tested. Week 6 The two remaining boxes, the one with poly all around and the one with poly on top had the concrete removed to expose the boxes.The boxes were teste d with over 400 psf and still had plenty of capacity with little deterioration. The box with poly wrapped all around had a little water in the box, maybe a cupful, but this did not drop down the box. The source of the water is unknown, possibly from when the adjacent box was flooded with water. III. Test 2 Procedure 1. Two vertical cell boxes with no get up were buried in backbone and uncovered afterwards one week to view the rate of deterioration The boxes and loaded with a 50 force weight and they immediately. 2.A Vertical Cells beam box with wax and a Diagonal typeface Beam Box with wax were buried in common sense for one week. The buried boxes were tested by standing on them, there was nominal deflection which indicates the wax has a definite impact on the deterioration rate. 3. Two vertical boxes with wax were buried in horse sense for triad weeks. One was totally covered in poly and the other had no poly. Both boxes showed no appreciable deterioration after three we eks. Since the boxes with no wax failed after one week to a lower place the same conditions, it is sham that the wax and the poly significantly slow deterioration.IV. Test 3 Procedure Two boxes, one slice type box and one vertical cells were wrapped in poly with a cup of water added to simulate a 100% humidity condition. The next day, the vertical box collapsed immediately. The Diagonal box did not collapse Two boxes with no wax were buried in sand Box after one week sitting 50 non improver block in middle except on the sides. A box with a capacity of only 200 psf was tested and failed with rule construction oodles and thus, considered not acceptable. V. Summary of Observations From Tests 1-3 1. Testing the boxes from the top gives unsatisfactory results. . The bottom of the boxes deteriorate first and destroys the glue between the verticals and the bottom on the Vertical boxes. 3. Covering the bottom of the boxes with poly (the top of the sub-grade) slows down or stops the d eterioration of the boxes. 4. There is not enough moisture coming out of the slab to deteriorate the boxes. 5. The Diagonal boxes are very weak on the sides and very healthy in the middle. 6. The Diagonal boxes deteriorate slower because of the wax impregnation. 7. Boxes with no wax seem to deteriorate at an acceptable rate. 8.Covering the entire box with poly halt any deterioration. VI. Initial Conclusions 1. Boxes should be tested from the bottom, not the top. Since expansive soil heaves, the boxes should be tested from the bottom. The initial deterioration is on the bottom and therefore, the box is weaker when loaded from the bottom. 2. Boxes under the slab should be constructed with no wax if possible. 3. Diagonal Type boxes which are wax impregnated and withdraw strong vertical and diagonal members deteriorate much slower and they possibly stay too strong under slabs. . New tests were devised using waterbeds to load the void boxes from the bottom. Refer to the description o f waterbed tests. VII. Test 4 Water hunch over Test It was determined by the initial testing procedure that the void boxes need to be tested in place from the bottom. A 25 ft x 37 ft test slab was built with one of the patterns to test the void boxes and another purpose was to test analytical methods of designing flat slabs for houses. Five waterbeds were placed infra the sub-grade under the void boxes. One was queen size and four were geminate size. triplet of the waterbeds had Vertical Boxes with no wax on top of them, one had in full waxed Vertical beam boxes and one had a Diagonal slab box. The purpose of using the waterbeds was an attempt to simulate actual heaving of soil and to test an in place situation on an actual project. The waterbed was buried in the subgrade while constructing the slab. afterwards a period of time, the waterbeds were learned to see if the void boxes collapse or if pressure is exerted on the slab indicating full capacity boxes without deteriorati on. mark rods were welded to plates which rested on top of the sub-grade above the waterbed.This rod was sleeved by dint of the slab with pvc pipe. The purpose of these indicator rods was that when the waterbed filled up, if the top of the rod embossed up similarly, the void boxes collapsed. VIII. Results The Water Bed Test Three weeks after the slab was poured, the waterbeds were filled. All five waterbed indicators rose quickly and to a maximum aggrandizement of 7 inches. The void boxes were 8 inches deep at these points, therefore, the boxes were fully collapsed. No deflection or distress was observed in the slab therefore, the test was successful. Three of the test were done with a subgrade that had ? nch rain on it the night to begin with placing the concrete. The waxed boxes were placed in a very dry, sandy subgrade in over 100 degree weather, trying to simulate the driest of conditions. Observation holes which were 4 inch in diameter were located to monitor the deterior ation of the void boxes. It was observed that for approximately two weeks after the slab was poured, the humidity was very high school in the void space with a great deal of light up generated. Slab indicators showing the heaving of the soil and therefore the failure of the boxes IX. Conclusions From Water Bed Tests 1.After three weeks all boxes had lost enough strength to protect the slab from pressure. 2. After three weeks, even boxes which are waxed testament fail adequately. All boxes tested were of the vertical cell type. 3. This test was very successful and the use of waterbeds is an excellent method to test void boxes. X. Test 5 raise of Integral Retainers and Earth Forming As published in the Fall, 1997 Proceedings of the Texas class of The American Society of Civil Engineers, Mr. Robert Davis, P. E. tested trapezoidal void boxes to determine if they fail under construction loads.His conclusion was that trapezoidal boxes of the diagonal type fail when used under a grade beam. We form also seen this in the field and agree with the findings. However, some engineers still use the total concrete followers. This test was to determine if earth formed grade beams with trapezoidal boxes and the integral concrete retainers are appropriate. A testing apparatus was constructed to test different box and retainer configurations. The test was constructed to push up from the bottom with highly expansive fat clays below the simulated grade beam.Hydraulic get up were used under the expansive soil to simulate the heaving of expansive soil. A weight equivalent to 200 psf was applied to the grade beam. The friction of the soil plus the bearing on the end of the concrete retainer caused the box to freely move upward. XI. Project Experience-Performance of Boxes under Grade Beams or so the time of our tests, a construction project was completed using diagonal type beam boxes under formed concrete beams. Approximately constant of gravitation feet of grade beams we re set up in dry weather and normal conditions. The concrete was placed at inch slump and vibrated. After the forms were removed, it was discovered that approximately 20 percent of the void boxes failed. The contractor was instructed to chip off all excess concrete that invaded the void space which took approximately three days to accomplish. The next 1000 feet of grade beams were set up using vertical cell boxes under the same conditions with the same contractor. No boxes failed on this second pour. View of failed boxes XII. Suggested Procedure for Filling Gaps The weakest point of failure for void boxes is on the ends and especially at the cross with piers.After experimenting with several methods, I have found that common expandable foam as found in hardware stores works excellent in filling gaps and providing a roiled form during construction. I recommend all gaps and holes between boxes and at the intersection with piers be filled with this foam. The cost is nominal for a typi cal project. expansile Foam used to fill gaps XIII. Final Conclusions and Recommendations 1. All boxes must have moisture in order to deteriorate properly. Therefore, the boxes should not be completely wrapped in poly which is a common practice of contractors. . The moisture from the subgrade plus the hydration of the concrete appear to provide adequate deterioration of the boxes. The void boxes appear to fail from the bottom to the top. 3. A moisture barrier (polyethylene) should not be used below the boxes because it does not allow deterioration from the subgrade below. 4. A moisture barrier (poly) on top of the boxes may affect the hydration of the concrete and therefore the humidity in the void space. This barrier also increases the probability of lush shrinkage cracks and therefore should not be used for that reason.The question of if this barrier is necessary to prevent moisture migration through the slab and thus affect any floor covering is not a subject of this paper. Howe ver, this author has not encountered this problem and therefore, does not recommend placing a vapor barrier on top of the boxes. 5. A layer of ? inch thick masonite should be used on top of all boxes under a slab area. This distributes the concentrated loads due to the rebar bolsters and construction loads. It is our experience that the cardboard cover sheets supplied by the box manufacturers are not adequate for the construction loads.Masonite of less thickness will curl and is not recommended. Plywood or OSB board is not recommended because of termites. 6. trapezoidal boxes should not be used because the concrete retainers transfer forces from the expanding soil to the concrete beam above. There is also evidence that these boxes fail during construction if they are of the diagonal cell configuration. 7. Expandable foam should be used to fill all gaps between boxes and at pier locations. REFERENCE www. foundationperformance. org AUTHOR observe _ DAVID K. ISBELL, P. E.